You might be overthinking this. Frequency is inverse of wavelength, so to answer your question, you need material with no gaps larger than the wavelength to block the sound.
The distance of the sound depends on the energy of the sound and your hearing. So imagine your drive is a tiny light bulb. Turn off the light in your room, wherever you see light, or reflection of light, you’ll hear the noise.
My suggestions:
First is to cover your drawer opening with cloth, or foam and see if that reduces enough sound. I know this might over heat your drive.
If that doesnt work, mount the drive under your desk with velcro, or mount the drive that is not directly line-of-sight to your ears.
I don’t think there is a way to block out all of the sound, especially at night when it’s very quiet. I turn off all electronics in my bedroom at night, otherwise I can’t sleep.
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=S5-By3LMjl0
Porcupines! Vocal at 30 seconds